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Hi All, I bought a Rancillio silvia last year along with a rocky grinder. Have been using it regularly and enjoying the coffee, but I want to step up now, but without spending a fortune on a new machine. will also look out for a used Mazzer Mini Doserless. Would you all recommend getting a used Alex Duetto? Maybe version II or III? These machines have consistently good reviews and I figured they should be relatively easy to service and maintain. Would you agree? I figure Pipes, valves and simple switches are easier to maintain in the long term. Any other machines you would recommend looking out for? I thought about a La Spazialle S1 Vivaldi, but am concerned about the long term reliability of electronics. Cheers in advance for your replies.

Hello, up for a sale Izzo Alex Duetto MK IV July 2015 bought from Italy in original packing and with everything that came with new: It is 220V with option to power up both boilers at once (not like 110v which they heat up exchangeably) but it has a schuko plug (germany, italy, austria, swiss etc) so for UK you you just throw on a 3pin uk plug. 2 portafilter 4 steamtips Tamper + brush Cover Before I bought i was literally scouring the web probably for an year what is the best kit of equipment to get and the Duetto was the end decision, it really served me extremely good and i would never sell it if upgraditis wouldn't kicked in If everything plays out i am getting a linea mini instead. I have changed the gicleur (waterjet) in the grouphead mushroom for 0.5mm (0.7mm stock) to obtain the best possible water flow. Machine was really taken care off and always clean, i always used filtered water + addition water oscar softeners. Never had an issues, never had a single leakage. Always had a really nice shoot. I am willing to ship it all over the world with split shipping charge (let me know where you want it to be shipped and i will cover half of the shipping) If you have any additional questions let me know and i am able to send any detailed photos that you want to see. I am even able to drive it in the region of lets say 500km (350 miles) if youre from neighbouring countries (croatia, italy, germany, austria, hungary, Czech republic, slovakia). I will take paypal, revolut, bank transfer, basically whatever floats your boat. I am willing to let it go for 1220£ shipped Thank you!

Hi all, Looking to buy an Alex Duetto or a similar dual boiler if anyone is looking to sell (upgrade!) Thanks Jon

I went to Bellabarista yesterday and stood for hours looking at the various machines. With lots of help (huge thanks to BB!), my search was narrowed down to 3 final contenders and we established that I probably wouldn't be able to taste any difference in shots poured so it's pretty much down to the appeal of the aesthetics and brand image since they would all make excellent coffee and my appreciation of their distinguishing benefits/drawbacks would be limited (stainless steel boiler, detachable PID, etc) However I don't have any sense of brand image and targeting for any of these machines so I'd be very interested in your opinions! And yes - I have gathered that most people on this forum are enthusiasts with decisions most probably driven by rational beliefs in functional superiority, so a focus on brand image may seem a bit shallow or pointless but hey - I work in marketing so I'm interested in the less rational associations that people have with brands too. Here are my incredibly naive impressions of the 3... Rocket R58. Incredibly eye-catching, stylish, look-at-me appearance. On the down-side, build quality didn't seem quite as good as the others, the wands poked out at an angle (I prefer neat) and I'm not keen on the detachable PID. Also it seems to be the brand with the most marketing spend. However the va va voom brought a smile to my face and I nearly bought it but backed away because it seemed a bit too stand-out cool for me plus when I looked on the website in terms of image it seems to be aiming at style-conscious men (literally - built by tattooed artisans and marketed at the biking community). No offence intended here to any Rocket owners! It certainly seems to be the brand with the most flair (and fun?) Am I reading this right? Is it more appropriate for coffee mornings in the suburbs or adrenaline-fuelled men in Lycra? Profitec 700. Solidly built, focussed on pursuit of functional excellence, e.g. steel boiler. Looked just a little bit too boring. But it was the most highly recommended for quality and apparently appeals to the kind of person who actually understands and cares about the internal workings. I would've bought this one on the grounds that it seemed the best machine in rational terms so it would have been the intelligent choice, for the kind of person who cares about quality. However it didn't call to me emotionally. Even looking into the Italian/German heritage story I can't find any emotional hooks into this brand at all. What's this brand about? Alex Duetto. Initially I went in to get this, having read many good reviews about it, but although I was told it's a great machine (like the others), there was nothing functional that made it stand above the other machines, and I didn't get any sense of the brand image or story here either (more traditional?) Appearance did just about tick my preferred understated elegance box, although it is a bit of a beast relative to the compact style of the R58. Could anyone please enlighten me on how you view the brand images of any of these machines? I'd be really interested to know - doesn't have to be right, just your personal impressions. What kind of person does each appeal to the most and why? If it was a car, what kind of car would it be? Or feel free to chip in with any other pointers on which direction to go in. I need to buy new and will be getting a niche grinder so can't scout around for second hand and don't need to save budget for the grinder. I know they'd all be great so not I'm not worried - just interested in your views to see if I'm nudged towards any in particular. One last thought... they suggested another great option would be the ecm Synchronika as it's a step up (but over my 2k budget) Huge thanks to anyone willing to reply!

Hi All, Looking for a Dual Boiler machine, missed out on the Sage the other day and want something similar. Willing to pay more for something higher end if available, but for price perspective, lets say £400+ (I appreciate this is lower end, but as I said am willing to pay more if someone says they have something nice.) I'm willing to travel for a good machine, but geography is dependant. I live in Hereford for location. Or would **POSSIBLY** consider courier, if the package was wrapped like a mummy. I'm open to suggestions, but want something in good condition, well serviced/looked after. Added extras would always be a benefit. What have you got..................... Cheers Nick

Hi I seem the have a problem. 1. When I used the hot water arm to warm the cup, Machine went off and came back on? I did this twice so first time wasn't just me. 2. Then purged the steam, put my hand under it no burn!! 3. Steam boiler temp went in the red and hovered in an around the red til I purged again then went back up and again. 4. Pid temps was the same, but the steam gauge was in the red but not deep in the Red Not plumbed in. DB and no noises either of hissing it just went off and came back on. @DavecUK thanks Thanks for any pointers

Exciting times! Coming from a Gaggia Classic, I think it's going to be a pretty huge step up (and learning curve!) for me. Looking forward to a lot more consistent shots... and no more waiting for the steam boiler to come up to temp - huzzah! Will post some pics of my new setup once the beast arrives

Well, for the next 17 hours anyway... I decided to upgrade and reluctantly parted with my Alex Duetto - a really lovely machine that has delivered hundreds of enjoyable coffees over the past 4 years. After careful consideration and some hands-on time recently I have opted for the R60V - from Bella Barista. The machines were out of stock for a wee while but landed this week. It has been bench tested and is now somewhere between Wellingborough and London. The purchase via the new Bella Barista website was also smooth. I can't wait to get it set up and start dialing in some profiles.

The review below is a summary of my thoughts and not intended to be a full in-depth analysis of each machine Today I had the pleasure of spending a delightful 4 hours at Bella Barista, hosted by Claudette and her team. The aim was to evaluate the R58 vs Alex Duetto Mk IV (aka new Alex Duetto III in the US) side-by-side and walk away with the winner. I had previously narrowed my search to replace my home machine to either of these dual boiler espresso machines. click to enlarge Also on the bench was the ECM Heidelberg espresso machine (HX), which I used to dial in the grinder (the Eureka Mignon) and pull reference shots on, for a coffee that I was familiar with. This machine was so forgiving and produced not only lovely espresso but some of the best milk I have steamed in a long time - a glossy paint finish which was perfect for latte art. I would have happily parted with £1099 if I was in the market for this type of machine. Of the 3 machines this had the best drip tray too, shallow and wide, with plenty of cup clearance and ample room to move cups around. I initially pulled shots using the stock basket before switching to a 20g VST basket for the evaluation of the R58 and Alex Duetto Mk IV. The same coffee, grinder, basket, portafilter, tamper and milk was used for all tests. The Rocket R58 was up next. The first shot ran a little too fast, so a tweak to the grind was required, and the next shot was sublime. Easily one of the cleanest espresso's I had tasted this year. You could pick out the individual flavours and the aroma was more intense than on the ECM. With a rotary pump the Rocket R58 was also quieter than the ECM. There was no 'whine' as reported on earlier models and the pressure was pretty steady - no flickering of the manometer needles at all. Both the Rocket R58 and the Alex Duetto Mk IV were set to the same service boiler temperature and held steady at 93c throughout the evaluation period. Changing the settings using the external controls on the R58 was easy and the interface is fairly intuitive, but I wasn't a fan of the coiled cable connecting the control box to the chassis, cluttering up the workspace. If you intend to 'set and forget' then this is not an issue. The Rocket R58 is a real looker and wins the beauty contest - but I wasn't judging beauty so tested the steam capability to see what I could achieve. Better than expected is how I would describe the steaming on the R58. Noticeably more powerful than the ECM the steam through the standard 2 hole steam tip was consistent and handled different volumes of milk with ease. My second jug was the best from this session. I would have liked to spend more time adjusting steam boiler pressure to see how the different increments affect the milk. This however would be best achieved when I could focus on the one machine. The shots and milk I enjoyed would have justified the £600 price difference between these machines. After spending 20 minutes on the machine, tweaks and changes to the grind produced some lovely looking (and tasting) espressos and my wife was starting to feel the effects of the coffee. We took a quick break and Claudette roasted some Tanzanian coffee on the Gene Café roaster. I was genuinely surprised at how little smoke there was. My wife was showing a lot of interest in the Gene Café roaster as well, which is encouraging! Although for the time being I'm quite happy to let the experts roast and discover the fruits of their labour. After a pint of water later and a quick tour of the Towability factory next door it was time to evaluate the Alex Duetto Mk IV. I pulled a shot on the R58 then tried to replicate on the Duetto. A minor tweak to the grind was required (again a fraction finer) and the resulting shot was excellent - with more crema and viscosity than on the R58. I had to check this was no fluke and pulled several more in quick succession - each tasting the same - rich and silky smooth. I could have had another but needed to evaluate the steaming capability so set about preparing my milk jug. The Alex Duetto Mk IV steam is very dry. Plenty of power behind it and that's with the no-burn steam arm insert still in. I have been told by a couple of owners that I spoke to earlier this month that one of the first mods to make after getting to grips with the machine is to remove the tube - giving you even more steam power. However, putting aside those thoughts I gave the steaming a shot. I hadn't expected such power and too many bubbles were created. Starting afresh I adjusted the angle and depth and turned the steam knob. Not as easy as the R58 but I'm glad that no 'radiator tap' retrofits have been made as some distributors in the US have done. This jug was pretty good and I could see what to do to make the next one even better. Several small adjustments later (this biggest change to me was steaming on the left instead of on the right like I'm used to) and I could produce lovely milk time after time. I still have a way to go but already notice an improvement on my previous technique. So, the Alex Duetto Mk IV was producing nicer espresso than the R58 and milk every bit as nice as the ECM. Although I think the R58 has the edge in milk steaming (that is until I remove the no burn steam arm and evaluate again) The R58 won on looks and had better cup clearance than the Duetto. However removal of the drip tray was not as smooth on the R58 compared to the Duetto (which also holds more water / liquid). The rotary pump on the Alex Duetto Mk IV was even quieter than the R58. I hadn't anticipated the difference would be so tangible. By this stage I had written out the cheque in my mind, and nearing the edge of my caffeine tolerance levels (I think I pushed them a little today) decided upon the Alex Duetto Mk IV as my new home espresso machine. After informing Claudette of my decision all that remained was to choose the box from the stock room and get the machine bench tested. The bench testing process was very thorough and Bella Barista's techie Jordan ran me through the PID settings and set the defaults based on testing undertaken by their reviewer. The factory defaults are also provided for future reference. After the great service provided of loading the machine into the car, carrying an awkwardly shaped 44kg+ box containing the machine and accessories up 3 flights of stairs by yourself isn't fun. But after mounting the feet and warming up the machine, pulling a shot was the best reward.

Must be in excellent condition. Ideally a V2 or later. Will pay a fair price for a clean machine. Im based in Glasgow.

Bought the 3 pack of steam tips from bella barista this week. These fit a wide variety of machines and have an 8m thread. I'm keeping the 3 hole tip. I am selling both the 4 hole tips - one with central hole and the one without. Price is £10 each tip including registered post.

Coming from a Gaggia Classic and Iberital MC2. Can't wait to tame these bad boys

As a first time poster but long term lurker on this forum I would like to say hello to everyone and a big thanks to all for the excellent information posted here. I am currently on the verge of an upgrade and am hoping for some help and direction with this. I currently have a Gaggia classic which I have owned for almost two years and have this coupled with a Pharos hand grinder and have gone from making shots that were only good for cleaning drains to ones that although not perfect are very drinkable. Over the last two years I have come to understand the shortfalls of the classic and the single boiler design and its lack of pid and am now in a position to purchase a more professional machine to continue my espresso journey. I currently drink approximately 2-3 coffees a day during the week and more over the weekend. I tend to start the day with an espresso but will switch to either a latte or cappuccino during the day so ideally am looking for a dual boiler design. I am also looking to upgrade my grinder and am looking for one which would be a suitable companion for the espresso machine I finally end up purchasing. I have a budget of around £2k to cover the cost of both items, I am ideally looking to remove the temptation to upgrade so want to go for the best bang for my buck straight away. The machines I am considering are the Expobar Leva DB, Rocket R58, Izzo Alex Duetto Mk IV and the Quick Mill Verona, all look very capable machines but does one of these stand out? I am prepared to go slightly over the £2K budget to get the best combination if it’s felt that it’s worth the additional cost. I look forward to reading peoples advice and guidance.

I have seen a few good machines sold on the forum recently and am interested to know if any else is considering selling their DB machine soon. I have learned loads using my PID'd Classic only would now like to experience the benefits of an E61 group head whilst retaining the ability to easily change brew temperature. I appreciate the engineering of the Profitec 700 (probably too new), second choice would be an Alex Duetto (missed out last week but pleased to read domjon1 is enjoying his new machine). Money available now for the right machine at the right price.

Cherub great machine - but a DB on its way soon - so will be up for sale. Hope these pics aren't too many bytes

I've got a small problem with my Alex Duetto, in that occasionally the brew pressure seems to drop (or not rise) and fluctuate. I'll try to explain: - Normally (and especially when the water tank is full/almost full) the machine preinfuses with the manometer at 8-9 bar happily and then it increases to hold at 10bar brew pressure and works faultlessly throughout a pour, staying on 10bar solidly. - Occasionally (and I've noticed that it does tend to happen when the tank is less full) the machine starts at 8-9 bar and then whilst in the pour the pressure raises slightly (perhaps half a bar) and then drops again, raises then drops, raises then drops, constantly fluctuating between 8-9 bar - with the pump making a less happy sound (as if there is air in the water feed pipe) and it never hitting the normal, solid 10bar point. When this happens I can normally fill the tank right up and sometimes back-flush with a blind filter and it normally goes away for a while. No idea what's causing it though, and I'd like to resolve it. I guess it could be the OPV or the pump - but not sure what's going on and would really appreciate anyone that knows what they're talking about offering any advice. Many thanks, Shades

For Sale Izzo Alex Duetto MK II Mazzer Mini E Aluminum I am selling this fantastic combo because I am relocating for work in a country with different power. I’ll be duplicating the set up when I get there because it worked so well. Both machines were provided by Bella Barista in September 2010 and have been well-maintained ever since. They come with original boxes, manuals and other paperwork. The additional hardware for the Duetto for plumbing it in is original and has not been used. Asking £1000 for the Duetto and £300 for the Mazzer, or £1200 for the pair. OBO. Paypal preferred, buyer pays shipping. Thanks, David

Silvia and Vario in situ, now transported to my girlfriend's Chris (on the iPad with Tapatalk) ________ Axex Duetto, Mahlkonig K30 Vario, some tampers and other stuff.

I have had 4-5 years of real coffee experience so I thought I would share my experience and hopefully gain additional knowledge in the art of coffee making. I have always enjoyed good coffee after living in the Middle East many years ago so I decided to jump in and my current set up is as follows, Alex Duetto 11 purchased, and never regretted, from Bella Barista about 4 years ago, Ditting KE 640 purchased of EBay secondhand, I am currently using Waitrose own espresso beans I start with cappuccinos in the morning and then a few shots during the day. Like most members, I assume, how do I improve? I have gone through the Hi-Fi phase and I know when you have good kit the gains achieved when you try and improve can be small. So whats my Duetto worth? I like the look of the latest Duetto but is it better and is there a new kid on the block I should also consider? The Ditting grinder is bit on the large size but my setup is in the utility room so it's not a major problem. I could do with a hopper, the throat holds approx 4-5 shots, and the diameter is approx 50 mm so any ideas would be welcomed as I do not want to purchase the 1.5 kg one due to size. Is there a smaller machine that can perform equally as good?

More expensive than the R58 and same price as Duetto when not on offer http://www.bellabarista.co.uk/brands/quick-mill/quick-mill-verona-dual-boiler-espresso-machine.html

...on a new Alex Duetto from the lovely Claudette at Bella Barista, I thought I should stop lurking on here and put my head above the parapet... So from several years surviving in sunny (ahem) Bromley with a Nespresso, to a couple of months with this (first photo), my coffee corner now looks like this (next one, duh!) Now just waiting for a new grinder so that I can take Silvia and the MV to my girlfriend's Cheers, Chris

Grinder = £200 ono. Alex Duetto + Accessories = £1,200 ono. Grinder, Alex Duetto and Accessories = £1,300 ono. Collection only (near Henley on Thames, Oxfordshire). Cash or Bank to Bank Transfer. 1. Macap MC4 C18 Black Stepless Grinder Descaled every quarter. I have ground about 21g of coffee (3 cups) on average every day. In excellent condition / working order. Bought new in December 2008. 2. Gruppo Izzo (MyWay) Alex Duetto MK II Descaled every quarter. Grouphead cleaned once a month. I have made about three coffees (cappuccinos) on average every day. In excellent condition / working order. Bought new in July 2009. 3. Accessories • Puly Grind (coffee grinder cleaner, 19 sachets) • Citric Acid (Descaler) • Puly Cleaner (back flushing and cleaning portafilters) • Thermometer • Milk Jug • Timer • Stainless Steel Cleaner (2 aerosols, 1 full, other half full) • Blind Basket • 2x Portafilters • Single Grouphead Basket • Double Grouphead Basket • Triple Grouphead Basket • Wood Tamper • Tamper Container • Tamping Stand • Small Tamper Mat • Metal Coffee Beans Measure • 2x Lined Shot Glass • Coffee “Knock” Drawer • Grinder Cleaning Brush • Grouphead Cleaning Brush • Coffee Wrench • Stainless Steel Frothing Pitcher • 8mm E61 Grouphead Gaskets (spare) Coffee Cups / Saucers not included 1. Macap MC4 C18 Black Stepless Grinder: MACAP MC4 The MC-4 is principally designed as a professional bag grinder where the coffee is ground directly into a bag. It is also ideal for the home user demanding a professional grinder in a compact package with a non-doser delivery method. This means you will be able to grind straight into a portafilter holder. This model has the Macap patented Stepless Grind Adjustment. Retails new for about £300+. 2. Izzo Alex Duetto MK II: The Mk11, with new PID control, allows better and easier control of brew and steam boiler temperature control. New additional SSR relay to control the temperature. Much quieter and new smart aluminum feet. • Twin Boiler • PID Digital brew temperature control • Plumbed or Reserve tank • E61 type group head • Rotary Pump • Superb Looks • Fantastic Build quality The Duetto not only looks impressive, it is impressive, packing so much into a machine that will be equally at home in the domestic environment, office, or small cafe. The twin boiler provides ample steam and hot water to cover all popular drinks and the separate brew boiler with PID provides precise temperature control for the coffee connoisseur, but remains easy to use. Technical Specifications: • Height/Width/Depth: 420mm/360mm/430mm. • Weight: 32 kg. • Water Supply: removable 3 litre reservoir tank with low water sensor and optional mains water connection. • Voltage and power 220v-50hz 2550 max volts (1150w in steam off mode) 1450 1500 w steam 1000w brew boiler 100-150w pump. • Temperature Control PID for brew boiler to solid state relay. • Adjustable pressurestat for steam boiler. • Boilers: twin boilers: 1.8 litre Steam and 0.8 litre brew boiler. • Pump: Commercial Rotary pump. • Water Tank 2.4 litres removable with low water sensor. Optional switch to mains water. • Group Head: 1x E61 type • Accessories Removable drip tray and cup warmer. Retails new for about £1,600+.

Hello coffee lovers. I need a new espresso machine. I've read many posts on this fine forum, and would love your opinion... My first (& only) espresso machine is a Gaggia Titanium bean-to-cup machine purchased new 4 years ago. It's bought me much pleasure and produced coffee better than most coffee I've bought in the UK since. However it also caused much vexation & gnashing of teeth when the stupid thing broke down - again & again (internal leaks from both the brew side and steam side, stuck in rinse cycle, steam tap wouldn't close properly and more). This situation was made much worse by the s l o w & expensive Gaggia service - and this was before the Gaggia->Philips debacle. So I came here to CoffeeForums to investigate a new bean-to-cup jobby, but reading the posts here, I'm tempted to go the semi-automatic route... I enjoyed coaxing the best coffee possible out of the Titanium, and the extra control a semi-automatic will give me is quite appealing. So now I need some help with equipment please I've read many articles and reviews in the last few days and arrived at the conclusions below... but please do challenge my conclusions & assumptions as appropriate!! In general, I prefer a well (or even over) engineered design and high build quality rather than a low price. I'm not interested in spending money on flashy looks or a particular brand name - function over form for me please! Reliabilty, good aftersales service and long term availabilty of spare parts are very important too. I have zero interest in any Gaggia product (at least as long as I live in the UK). Grinder: Thinking Mazzer Mini E Type A - I'm liking the build quality & the way I only need to grind as much as I need. I don't tend to vary my coffee beans often, so the timer should work well for me once set. I think the standard bean hopper will fit under my kitchen wall units, and the shorter hopper definitely will. The misses likes the Mahlkonig Vario Coffee Grinder - it would also be much better choice space wise. Would I regret saving £200 by buying this instead of the Mazzer? The main machine: 90% of the beverages we make are latte & cappucino type jobbies - so I want a steamer that can bore a hole in my kitchen counter... and the steamer bit must steam whilst the espresso bit espresses. We normally make only 1 or 2 coffees at a time, 3 or 4 times a day, so we don't mind if the machine is not optimised for making many coffees at once. However, our coffee desires are somewhat impulsive, so a reasonable warm up time is desirable. The Gaggia Titanium uses a thermoblock for steam - it produced adequate steam reasonably quickly, but am I correct that a boiler driven steamer will produce more steam and better foam in a quicker time (once the boiler is at temperature)? Despite reading many glowing reviews of some HX machines, it doesn't seem quite right to the engineer in me... Brew tempreture seems to be an important part of the process, but HX is a design with inherent temperature stability problems? Is there any benefit other than cost over dual boiler machines? If I (reluctantly) put my reality hat on though - most of my espresso is diluted (corrupted?) with milk, so would I really be able to detect subtle variations in brew temperature of a HX machine? The dual boiler thing does seem to restrict my choice too... Alex Duetto II or Expobar Office Leva (Dual Boiler). Any others that are available & officially supported here in the UK? Cost aside, most of the commercial machines don't seem appropriate for 10 shots a day, but as always, I'm open to suggestion! Budget: Two options really... A. £2100 (Coffee >> car) if I go dual boiler, I'm leaning towards the Duetto at an eye watering £1600 + £500 for the Mazzer. This is definitely pushing the boundries (and marriage perhaps), and will mean I'm relegated to the bicycle for the next year or two. The Mahlkonig Vario Coffee Grinder is an option too. B. £1000 (Coffee == car) The choice at this price point is much bigger & hence harder to decide! I quite like the following, but would appreciate some alternatives to read up about. I'm thinking maybe... Mahlkonig Vario Coffee Grinder + Expobar Office Pulsar My wife (ever the loving voice of reason) is thinking £1000 should provide a significant quality increase over the old Gaggia Titanium - especially given our penchant for milky coffee. Logic suggests that 'diminishing returns' means the next £1000 spent will not be anywhere near as significant an improvement.... but what price that feeling of contentment derived from a tool perfectly suited to the job at hand!? Phew. Didn't mean to write so much, so thanks for making it this far. I obviously miss my coffee machine more than I thought! Cheers, Moon

Hello All, I'm in the market for a new machine and grinder with a £1500/£300 maximum budget respectively. Following a few weeks research, the following machines have caught the eye. La Spaziale Vivaldi Mini Mk 1 Giotto Premium Plus The machine will be used for approximately 4-6 coffees per day (home use), mainly for Cappuccino and Espresso, so a top quality Milk Steamer is of great importance. Could I please ask for your expert opinion on whether these machines are a good choice, and also are there any others I really should be considering within my budget? On the subject of the grinder, which models are considered the best within my £200-£300 budget? Your thoughts and advice would genuinely be graciously received. Best Wishes, Harry.